Surface water
Lake/river/streams
with known input
of raw wastewater |
1.4 ng/L-40000 ng/L |
Kolpin et al. 2002, Lindström et al. 2002,
Lopez-Avila and Hites 1980, Singer et al.
2002, Remberger et al. 2002, Kolpin et al.
2004, Bendz et al. 2005, Glassmeyer et al.
2005, Zhang et al. 2007, Halden and Paull
2005, Chau et al. 2008, Coogan et al. 2007,
Coogan and La Point 2008 |
Wastewater
Influent
Effluent |
20-86161 ng/L
23-5370 ng/L |
Lindström et al. 2002, Samsø-Petersen et al.
2003, Singer et al. 2002, Remberger et al.
2006, McAvoy et al. 2002, 2009, Halden and
Paull 2005, Lishman et al. 2006, Waltman et
al. 2006, Heidler and Halden 2007, Kantiani et
al. 2008, Fair et al. 2009, Kumar et al. 2009
Lindström et al. 2002, Samsø-Petersen et al.
2003, Bester 2003; Kanda et al. 2003;
Sabaliunas et al. 2003, Bendz et al. 2005,
Halden and Paull 2005, Thompson et al. 2005,
Ying and Kookana
|
| Sea water |
<0.001-100 ng/L |
Xie et al. 2008, Okumura and Nishikawa 1996,
Fair et al. 2009 |
Sediment
Lake/River/other
surface water
Marine |
<100-53000 μg/kg
d.w.
0.02-35 μg/kg d.w. |
Fjeld et al. 2004, Remberger et al. 2002,
Singer et al. 2002; Morales et al. 2005; Miller
et al. 2008
Okumura and Nishikawa 1996, Fjeld et al. 2004
|
| Biosolid from
WWTP |
20-133000 μg/kg
d.w. |
Svensson. 2002; Remberger et al. 2002,
2006; Bester 2003; Morales et al. 2005;
Kinney et al. 2006; Chu and Metcalfe 2007, US
EPA 2009, Cha and Cupples 2009, Ying and
Kookana 2007 |
| Activated/digested
sludge |
580-15600 μg/kg
d.w. |
McAvoy et al. 2002, 2009, Singer et al. 2002,
Chu and Metcalfe 2007, Kumar et al. 2010 |
| Pore water |
0.201-328.8μg/L
(calculated) |
Chalew and Halden 2009 |
