| Change in cell permeability |
Decrease in concentration (that
reaches the target sites)
Spores (layers: cortex, spore
envelope)
Gram-negative (outer membrane)
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Proteins (porins)
- Fatty acid
- Phospholipids
Mycobacteria mycoylarabinagalactan
|
Russell 1990; Russell et al. 1997;
Denyer and Maillard 2002; Lambert
2002; Cloete 2003, Hawkey 2004;
Champlin et al. 2005;
Munton and Russell 1970; Ayres et
al. 1998; McDonnell and Russell
1999; Tattawasart et al. 2000a, b;
Denyer and Maillard 2002; Fraud et
al. 2003; Stickler 2004; Braoudaki
and Hilton 2005
Gandhi et al. 1993; Brözel and
Cloete 1994; Winder et al. 2000
Jones et al. 1989; Méchin et al.
1999; Guérin-Méchin et al. 1999,
2000 Boeris et al. 2007
McNeil and Brennan 1991; Broadley
et al. 1995; Russell, 1996; Russell
et al. 1997; Manzoor et al. 1999;
Walsh et al. 2001; Lambert, 2002
|
| Change in surface properties |
Decrease binding and interaction between biocide and cell surfaces Surface charge |
Bruinsma et al. 2006 |
| Efflux mechanisms |
Decrease intracellular concentration
of a biocide
- Small multidrug resistance (SMR)
family (now part of the
drug/metabolite transporter (DMT)
superfamily)
- Major facilitator superfamily (MFS)
- ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family
- Resistance-nodulation-division
(RND) family
- Multidrug and toxic compound
extrusion (MATE) family |
Nikaido, 1996; Paulsen et al. 1996;
Schweizer 1998, 2001; Brown et al.
1999; Putman et al. 2000; Borges-
Walmsley and Walmsley, 2001;
Poole, 2001, 2002a, b; Levy 2002;
Chuanchuen et al. 2003; McKeegan
et al. 2003; Piddock 2006 |
| Enzymatic modification |
Decrease intracellular and exocellular concentration of a biocide |
Demple 1996; Kummerle et al.1996; Valkova et al. 2001; Cloete 2003;
|
| Target mutation |
FabI mutation in Mycobacterium smegmatis |
McMurry et al. 1999; |
| By-pass metabolic blockage |
Increase in pyruvate synthesis and fatty acid production via an altered metabolic pathway (expression of ‘triclosan resistance network’) |
Webber et al. 2008b |
